Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland＂ water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation. ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, northeast China

Population demography, seed production, biomassallocation, net photosynthesis and transpiration of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations and between two years in Songnenplain, northeast China were compared. Strong differences betweenthe dry 1997 and moist 1998 occurred in vegetative shoot and sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and tiller densities, aswell as in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers perinflorescence, seed weights and biomass allocation in eachpopulation respectively (P<0.01). While strong differences betweenthe two populations occurred in vegetative shoot densities, sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and seed weights in eachyear (P<0.01). The differences between the two populations intiller densities and in biomass allocation to sexual shoots were significant (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two populations in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers per inflorescence and biomass allocation to rhizomes and vegetative shoots (P>0.05). Excepting the transpiration rate in the early June, the differences between the two populations in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate of vegetative shoots and sexual shoots were strongly significant in the early June and July respectively (P<0.01). Relative stable variations in population demography and physiological traits between the two populations indicated that they are divergently in the Songnen Plain.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen(N)distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW)and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland(MMCW)in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model.The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m~2.a),and total inorganic N(TIN)was the main body (0.640 gN/(m~2.a)).The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m~2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m~2,respectively.In plant subsystem,the N was mainly stored in root and litter.Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively.The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m~2.a)and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m~2.a),the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m~2.a),and the soil(0-15 cm)N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m~2.a), respectively.The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N,and the status might induce the degradation of C.angustifolia wetland.     

“三江”河源地区主要河流的水资源特征

该文在长江、黄河、澜沧江河源地区水资源特征分析研究的基础上,重点对河源地区主要河流的水化学特征进行了较为全面的研究。分析了各干、支流河水的主要离子成分、水化学类型、河水的矿化度、总硬度、总碱度以及河水的主要微量元素组成。并根据中国生活饮用水水质标准和工农业生产用水标准的要求,对“三江”河源地区主要河流的水质状况进行了评价。     

三江平原沼泽湿地污水处理的实地模拟研究

现场模拟发现，沼泽湿地生态系统对污水中N、P的净化速度随时间的延长呈指数规律下降，初期净化效果与污水中N、P的含量为正相关关系。毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）生态系统和乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）生态系统对N、P的去除量大于纯沼泽水，毛果苔背系统又高于乌拉 苔草，表明植物各类和重量、泥炭土厚度等都影响净化效率。通过统计显示，毛果苔草生态系统不同组分对N的净化能力大小的排列次序为：茎叶＞泥炭＞根系＞枯落物；对P的净化能力排列次序为：根系＞泥炭＞茎叶＞枯落物。按单位质量组分对P的去除量由小到大对比，泥炭：茎叶：枯落物：根第为1.00:1.81:2.95:3.84；而对N的净化效果由小到大对比，泥炭：枯落物：根系：茎叶为1.00:1.62:2.00:5.11。毛果苔果地上部分单位干重对N的吸附量是地下部分的大约2.6倍，表现出N具有从根系向茎叶传递积累的特性；相反，毛果苔草地下部分单位干重对P的吸量是地上部分的大约2.1倍，显示P主要积累于毛苔草的根系中。     

人工湿地系统在河网水质污染治理中的应用初探

姚北平原河网水体榨菜废水污染严重，根据废水的排放特点，分卤水落水前、卤水落水期和卤水落水后3个典型时段对河网水质进行监测，结果表明，其污染类型为有机污染。基于榨菜废水排放的分散性和不定期的特点，提出人工湿地系统治理榨菜废水污染的方案设想，并就工艺流程、耐盐型水生植物等进行了初步探讨。     

华北平原玉米-小麦轮作农田N2O交换通量的研究

以华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,运用静态箱法对正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田农田N2O交换通量进行了连续1 a对比研究.正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田样地N2O全年的累积排放量分别为7.61 kg.hm-2和12.6kg.hm-2,其中秸秆还田引起N2O排放明显增加主要发生在玉米生长季节.两种处理样地在玉米季N2O的排放量占全年累积排放的57%～86%,表明华北玉米-小麦轮作体系中N2O排放主要集中在玉米季.各次施肥后10 d内N2O的累积排放量约占全年总排放量的71%～88%,显然现有化肥极大促进了华北农田N2O排放.     

江汉平原中部表层土壤中有机氯农药分布及来源

以GC/ECD测定江汉平原中部24个表层土壤中25种有机氯农药的含量。所有有机氯农药均有检出,其中含量最高的是DDT类农药,HCHs类农药含量规律为δ-HCH>α-HCH>β-HCH>γ-HCH。研究区域农药含量较国内其他地方来说污染较低。通过成分的不同含量比较,发现该地区农药除了早期污染外,近期也有新的污染源。     

模拟氮沉降和CO2浓度增加对三江平原小叶章群落土壤总有机碳和氮素含量的影响

利用开顶气室(Open-Top Chamber,OTC),设置当前大气CO2浓度(370μmol.mol-1)、中等CO2浓度(550μmol.mol-1)和高CO2浓度(700μmol.mol-1)3个CO2浓度水平和不施氮(N1,0g N.m-2.a-1)、常氮(N2,5g N.m-2.a-1)、高氮(N3,10g N.m-2.a-1)3个氮素水平。研究了不同N沉降水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对以三江平原小叶章群落土壤有机碳和氮素含量的影响。结果表明:CO2浓度升高结合氮沉降连续运行两个生长季后,湿地土壤总有机碳含量没有显著变化,说明较短时间内大气CO2浓度升高和氮沉降不会使三江平原土壤有机碳含量产生变化。氮沉降引起各个土层的土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮的含量增加,施氮水平越高土壤氮增加越多,但是全氮增加量不明显,铵态氮随施氮量的增加呈现极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。0～10cm,10～20cm土层土壤全氮、铵态氮的含量随着CO2浓度升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。土壤硝态氮含量在10～20cm土层含量变化与土壤全氮、铵态氮的变化趋势相同。说明大气CO2浓度一定程度的增加可以增加土壤的氮素含量,但是过量的大气CO2浓度反而会使得土壤氮素含量减少。     

河北平原土壤硒异常成因及其生态效应

河北平原多目标区域地球化学调查在唐山开滦煤田及石家庄-邯郸一带发现了以Se元素为主的土壤地球化学异常。本文利用相关分析、多元统计分析等地球化学方法,对土壤Se异常成因、来源、生态环境效应等问题进行解释与评价。结果表明,燃煤产生的大气降尘是形成土壤Se异常的主要原因。土壤Se异常区小麦、玉米中Se元素含量明显高于非异常区,且有害元素含量不超标。